Maybe we should designate the eighteenth century as the age of turmoil, a turbulent hundred years or so for many countries. During these hundred years, there were several wars in Britain and Europe. There were wars in India, and there was, of course, the American Revolution in 1775–83, diminishing British colonial power. Generally speaking, it was an exceptionally turbulent period of time for many countries. France and Spain, for example, were involved in the Seven Years’ War (also called the French and Indian War) from 1756 to 63, and there were several wars with Spain such as the Anglo-Spanish War and the War of Jenkins’ Earhile within Britain itself and earlier was the last rebellion of Scottish Jacobites, beginning in 1745 and ending at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.