The Historical and Intellectual Environment of Third/Ninth Century Iraq
摘要
This chapter describes the historical and intellectual developments that occurred in the Islamic world during the second/eighth and third/ninth centuries, the time during which Iraqi Sufi piety was formed. It was a period of dramatic socio-political shifts that corresponded with the decline of the Abbasid caliphate and the rise of the Shīʿa. Along with many religious trends and schools of theology, diverse tendencies of ascetic and Sufi piety developed in the main centres of the Abbasid empire. This chapter also sheds light on three specific occasions during the third/ninth century in which the dogmatic controversies between certain powers and groups paved the way for periods of inquisition. Two of these involved the Sufis of Iraq.