The Damodar River Basin (DRB) is one of the most significant sub-watersheds in Ganga Basin due to its socio-economic and hydro-geomorphic significance. The basin spreads over Jharkhand and West Bengal, covering approximately 23,370 km2. Historically, the river has been affected by seasonal flooding. Several major dams have been built to control floods and regulate water resources. This chapter conducts a detailed baseline investigation of the Damodar River Basin with special reference to hydrological, geological, and environmental features. The basin is primarily underlain by PrecambrianMetamorphic rocks metamorphic rocks, including schists, gneisses, and quartzites, with coal-rich Gondwana formationsGroundwater formation dominating its middle and lower reaches. The upper basin, located in theChota Nagpur plateau Chota Nagpur Plateau, features rugged, hilly terrain composed of hard crystalline rocks, while the lower reaches are characterized by sedimentary formations, particularly the coal-rich Gondwana formations that contribute to extensive mining activities. The slopes in the upper reaches range from 10° to as steep as 71.45°, with the steepest slopes concentrated in the Pareshnath HillParashnath hill region and the upper catchment of the Damodar River. The insights gained from this analysis provide a key understanding of water resource management, flood controlFlood control strategies, sustainable development, ensuring hydro-geomorphic sustainabilityHydrogeomorphic sustainability, and supporting local economy and social needs.