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This chapter examines changes in the punitive bias of ICE officers from 2012 through 2016. We define punitive bias as the officers’ higher likelihood of expressing a written dissent with Low-Risk Classification cases compared to high-risk classification ones, as we discussed in Chap. 3 . We then show how these biases inform changes to the RCA algorithm, reflecting changes in enforcement priorities, as discussed in Chap. 4 .

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Officers Dissent and Harsher Enforcement Under Obama

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Robert Koulish,
  • Ernesto Calvo

摘要

This chapter examines changes in the punitive bias of ICE officers from 2012 through 2016. We define punitive bias as the officers’ higher likelihood of expressing a written dissent with Low-Risk Classification cases compared to high-risk classification ones, as we discussed in Chap. 3 . We then show how these biases inform changes to the RCA algorithm, reflecting changes in enforcement priorities, as discussed in Chap. 4 .