In this chapter, technoeconomic analysis is applied to compare different advanced biofuel (ABF) production pathways. Although the ABFs have great potential to replace as renewable to decarbonize the energy system without any threat for food and feed supply chains, research and development to increase the process efficiencies and lower the costs are still needed. Production of ABFs from waste biomass feedstock as well as their production in an integrated biorefinery with valuable by-products propose attractive solutions for the early market penetration of ABFs. Emerging technologies such as chemical looping gasification, machine learning technology, process intensification and integration, and metabolic engineering provide novel solutions to overcome the technical challenges. Taking into account the environmental benefits of using ABFs in conventional techno-economic analysis and providing sufficient policy incentives are necessary for their market penetration in the future.