Soil organic matter is not only a key component of soil fertility, but also plays an important role in water retention, nutrient cycling, and biodiversity maintenance. It improves soil structure, enhances soil water-holding capacity, and promotes microbial activity, thereby affecting plant growth and development. Meanwhile, soil pH directly affects the availability of nutrients, the activity of microorganisms, and the growth of plants. Understanding the spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic matter and pH is of great theoretical and practical significance for agricultural management and ecological restoration. In this study, we used the inverse distance weighted spatial interpolation method in ArcGIS software and the correlation analysis method in SPSS to study the spatial distribution and correlation of soil organic matter and pH in 331 agricultural soil samples from Beian County, Heilongjiang Province. The results show that the average soil organic matter content in the study area is 56.60 g/kg, indicating a relatively high overall content and a relatively uniform distribution, showing good soil fertility potential. At the same time, the average pH of cultivated land is 6.04, which belongs to weak acidic soil, providing a suitable environment for crop growth. However, the study found that there was no significant correlation between soil organic matter content and pH in Beian County’s cultivated land. This result is different from previous studies, indicating that there is no direct mutual influence between the changes of these two factors, which may also be affected by indirect factors of other variables. This suggests that in future studies, it is necessary to conduct in-depth analysis of indirect factors affecting soil organic matter and pH value changes in order to better understand the evolution process of soil fertility quality. This will provide more comprehensive theoretical support and practical guidance for agricultural sustainable development and ecosystem restoration.