This chapter delves into the fundamental processes underlying Earth’s formation and system dynamics. It explores the intricate interactions between the solar system’s origin, the Earth’s development, and the establishment of its key systems—atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. This chapter introduces essential concepts in physical geography, including the geographic grid system and Earth’s spatial orientation. It also examines Earth’s place in the cosmos, detailing its relationship with the solar system, the Milky Way, and broader universal phenomena. Topics such as the origin of the solar system, asteroids, meteorites, and the nebula theory are discussed to contextualize Earth’s evolution within a dynamic universe. Additionally, this chapter provides an overview of Earth’s shape and its implications, Earth–Sun relations, and the resulting seasonal cycles, emphasizing their roles in shaping the globe’s physical and biological systems. This comprehensive foundation is critical for understanding natural phenomena and the impact of human activities on Earth’s systems.