In this chapter, we start by exploring the concept of equality. We outline three different conceptions of equality—equality of resources, equal opportunity and equality of outcome—and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each. We also consider the concept of educational adequacy. We then ask how different conceptions of equality might influence decisions made about the curriculum, assessment, and the distribution of educational goods and resources. We also consider the implications of viewing social justice as the aim of education and examine this aim in connection to the practical example of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns on (unequal) schooling experiences.