This chapter investigates the interplay between values, ideology, collective trends, and political behavior, emphasizing their influence on societal and political systems. It explores the shift from materialist to post-materialist values, linking this transformation to economic development, cultural evolution, and changes in political priorities. The chapter delves into theories of political behavior, analyzing the role of social identity, cultural cleavages, and collective action in shaping political attitudes and institutions. Through a multidisciplinary approach, it highlights how values and ideologies drive both individual and collective behavior, impacting democracy, social equality, and global political trends.