This chapter examines the political economy of long-term planning by exploring the key factors that drive economic growth and development. It begins with a historical perspective, tracing the evolution of economic theories from Adam Smith to contemporary growth models. The chapter highlights the critical issues of convergence, income inequality, and the limitations of GDP as a measure of well-being. It emphasizes the importance of deeper determinants of growth, such as institutions, cultural background, and geographical factors, and explores the dynamic interplay between economic systems and social structures. The chapter concludes by advocating for a holistic approach to the political economy, integrating insights from history, culture, and interdisciplinary research to address the complexities of long-term planning.