There is little that individuals can do to protect themselves from negative developments in the global economy, military action and climate change. They see their government as sometimes being able to act on its own and sometimes needing to act in an alliance with other governments in order to gain effectiveness. The choice of allies—the EU, NATO or the UN—is pragmatic. The selection of a particular multi-national institution as an ally does not reflect a common identity or shared values. Nor is it the expression of a desire to advance European integration or world government. Instead, it reflects a self-interested calculation that a particular alliance has the resources to protect a country’s security more effectively than a national government could do on its own. Europeans show their pragmatic recognition of these differences by sometimes favouring one ally, sometimes another and sometimes wanting their country to go it alone. Since challenges to security change over time, the chapter’s conclusion marshals empirical data to show the extent to which pressures from events and long-term trends have altered or left relatively stable European attitudes towards security since the Russian invasion of Ukraine.