Anthrax is a major zoonotic disease predominantly affecting herbivores and, on rare occasions, humans. It is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming bacterium, capable of surviving harsh environmental conditions due to its highly resilient spores. This chapter explores anthrax’s transmission, symptoms, treatment, and global public health impact, focusing on its prevalence and treatment techniques in regions such as Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe. Humans can contract anthrax through cutaneous, inhalation, or gastrointestinal routes, with inhaled anthrax being the most severe and associated with the highest mortality. The persistence of B. anthracis in contaminated soils, coupled with the effects of climate change—such as the thawing of permafrost—has increased the risk of outbreaks, particularly in regions such as Siberia. Moreover, the potential use of anthrax as a bioterrorism agent raises further public health concerns. Advances in diagnostic tools, including real-time PCR, biosensors, and next-generation sequencing, are crucial for early detection, especially given the rising challenge of antibiotic-resistant strains. Timely intervention with potent antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and doxycycline, remains critical in reducing mortality rates. Preventive measures, including livestock vaccination and biosecurity protocols, are essential for controlling anthrax outbreaks. Continued research is necessary to improve diagnostic technologies, develop effective vaccines, and enhance public awareness and education on anthrax prevention.