Under varying loading conditions, the triaxial compression permeability of basalt fiber reinforced concrete specimens with initial damage differs. This study conducted triaxial compression permeability tests on these concrete samples with different levels of initial damage. Initially, axial compression loading and unloading tests were performed, followed by continuous loading tests. The evolution of permeability and strength characteristics under these loading conditions were analyzed. Results indicate that permeability changes follow a negative exponential function during axial compression loading. Loading compacts the specimen's internal pores, reducing seepage channels and, consequently, permeability. In the unloading phase, elastic-plastic deformation during loading causes some irreversible plastic deformation, resulting in minimal changes in seepage channels and limited permeability recovery. During continuous axial compression, permeability first decreases, then stabilizes, and later increases sharply as cracks propagate toward instability. As freeze-thaw cycles increase, the specimen’s internal pore structure deteriorates, escalating the initial damage degree and affecting peak strength. Compared to the 0 freeze-thaw cycle specimen, strength decreased by 3.93, 6.59, 9.05, and 13.49% after 10, 20, 30, and 40 freeze-thaw cycles, respectively.