In 1659 France annexed the Catalan-speaking province of Roussillon at the peace treaty marking the end of The Thirty Years War. Before this, the Franco-Spanish frontier had been to the north of Perpignan and also marked the linguistic and ethnic border between the Occitan and Catalan peoples. The frontier between the two states was fixed along the ridge of the Pyrenees, and Cerdagne was split between France and Spain. The slow process of making Roussillon French began, marked by the subsequent official insistence that only the French language could be used in public documents and proceedings of the provincial administration. The process of francisation progressed slowly in Perpignan but scarcely in the rural borderlands. This was a period of economic stagnation with the decline of traditional small-scale industries brought about by Roussillon’s damaging departure from the Catalan economy. The economic lifeline for many people in Roussillon was smuggling. The French monarchy neglected to sever the province’s administrative and spiritual ties to the Catalan Catholic Church. In the decades following the annexation there were examples of resistance to the authority of the French crown, most notably, the revolt of the Angelets against the salt tax, never before levied in Catalonia.