Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy and second leading cause of cancer-related mortality among US adults, both male and female, with the incidence of adenocarcinoma far exceeding that of other histologic subtypes. Approximately 70% of colorectal adenocarcinoma cases arise from the colon, while the remainder occur in the rectum and/or anus. Although overall mortality from colon cancer has decreased in the last two decades, its incidence among younger men and women (below the age of 50) has increased roughly 30%, usually originating as left-sided tumors. Diagnosis is made via histologic examination of a biopsy obtained via routine colonoscopy in individuals being screened or diagnostic colonoscopy in individuals presenting with symptoms like hematochezia, unexplained iron-deficiency anemia, or changes in bowel habits. Staging of colon adenocarcinoma is done according to the Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) system using laboratory and imaging studies, during which resectability is also assessed. Determination of surgical resection technique is based on tumor location, its arterial supply and lymphatic drainage, and extracolonic organ involvement. After surgery, patients receive long-term surveillance and adjuvant chemotherapy based on final surgical pathology results.