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A large quantity of antibiotics and pharmaceutical compounds are released from the hospitals into the aquatic environment, and the concentration of pharmaceutical residues in hospital effluents surpasses those in domestic wastewater treatment plant effluents. However, these hospital effluents are commonly regarded as having a similar contaminant nature as urban wastewater. Hence, they are generally released into municipal sewage systems, ultimately reaching surface water bodies, posing risks to water quality, aquatic life, and human health. Repeated exposure to even minor quantities of antibiotics or their active metabolites results in the development and persistence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria that pose a significant global challenge in managing infectious diseases, resulting in rising morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, effective treatment techniques are mandatory to remove antibiotic residues from hospital effluents before their release into the aquatic environment. This chapter discusses the most commonly detected antibiotics and their concentration ranges in hospital effluents around the world and also explores the factors influencing these concentrations. The frequently detected antibiotics in hospital effluents are found as ciprofloxacin (C17H18FN3O3), sulfamethoxazole (C10H11N3O3S), tinidazole (C8H13N3O4S), trimethoprim (C14H18N4O3), levofloxacin (C18H20FN3O4), ofloxacin (C18H20FN3O4), and norfloxacin (C16H18FN3O3). The various harmful effects caused by the constant release and exposure of antibiotic residues on humans and the aquatic ecosystem are presented in length. Additionally, detailed discussions are provided on currently adopted treatment methods for the elimination of antibiotics from hospital effluents, such as adsorption, membrane techniques, advanced oxidation processes, and biological methods. The efficiencies of these methods vary according to the type of antibiotic as well as their initial concentrations in the wastewater. A comparison of these treatment methods is also included, based on their positives and negatives.

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Antibiotic Residues in Hospital Effluents: Impacts and Mitigation

  • 章节

  • 发表日期：

    2025年

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  • Sayoojya P. Sathyan,
  • K. P. Prathish,
  • Akshay D. Shende

摘要

A large quantity of antibiotics and pharmaceutical compounds are released from the hospitals into the aquatic environment, and the concentration of pharmaceutical residues in hospital effluents surpasses those in domestic wastewater treatment plant effluents. However, these hospital effluents are commonly regarded as having a similar contaminant nature as urban wastewater. Hence, they are generally released into municipal sewage systems, ultimately reaching surface water bodies, posing risks to water quality, aquatic life, and human health. Repeated exposure to even minor quantities of antibiotics or their active metabolites results in the development and persistence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria that pose a significant global challenge in managing infectious diseases, resulting in rising morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, effective treatment techniques are mandatory to remove antibiotic residues from hospital effluents before their release into the aquatic environment. This chapter discusses the most commonly detected antibiotics and their concentration ranges in hospital effluents around the world and also explores the factors influencing these concentrations. The frequently detected antibiotics in hospital effluents are found as ciprofloxacin (C17H18FN3O3), sulfamethoxazole (C10H11N3O3S), tinidazole (C8H13N3O4S), trimethoprim (C14H18N4O3), levofloxacin (C18H20FN3O4), ofloxacin (C18H20FN3O4), and norfloxacin (C16H18FN3O3). The various harmful effects caused by the constant release and exposure of antibiotic residues on humans and the aquatic ecosystem are presented in length. Additionally, detailed discussions are provided on currently adopted treatment methods for the elimination of antibiotics from hospital effluents, such as adsorption, membrane techniques, advanced oxidation processes, and biological methods. The efficiencies of these methods vary according to the type of antibiotic as well as their initial concentrations in the wastewater. A comparison of these treatment methods is also included, based on their positives and negatives.