Concussion Grading and Prognostic Factors
摘要
The most recent International Consensus Statement on Concussion in Sport reports that full recovery of symptoms following sports-related concussions (SRC) typically occurs approximately 10–14 days after injury. Delayed recovery occurs when symptoms persist beyond the expected time frames (i.e., >10–14 days in adults and >4 weeks in children). Demographic characteristics such as younger age (<18 years old) and female sex may be associated with longer recoveries. Past history of concussion, migraines, and psychiatric and learning disabilities (e.g., anxiety, depression, attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)) may also be linked with persistent post-concussive symptoms. In addition, individual symptoms have variable associations with longer recovery (e.g., post-traumatic headache, dizziness, fogginess, etc.) as well as cervicogenic and vestibular/oculomotor dysfunction after a concussion. Higher initial concussion symptom scores (i.e., symptom burden) have the strongest association with prolonged recovery. While prolonged rest for >5 days has negative correlation with recovery, early progression of physical activity within the first week (guided by the symptom exacerbation threshold) shows an inverse relationship. Screening for the presence of prognostic risk factors is recommended to initiate earlier intervention and/or appropriate referrals. Return-to-activity/play programs need to be individualized for each patient in order to achieve better outcomes.