Solar photovoltaic technology is one of the more mature clean energy technologies at present. However, the construction of large-scale photovoltaic power stations inevitably has a series of effects on the regional ecological environment. In this paper, Taratan photovoltaic power station in Gonghe County, Qinghai Province is taken as a typical research area. The long series data of field monitoring stations are selected to analyze the characteristics of microclimate environment and soil environment in the photovoltaic power station area. From three aspects of meteorology, soil and vegetation, 15 typical indicators reflecting the natural ecological status of the research area are selected to analyze the characteristics of each index, and further establish the ecological effect evaluation index system of desert photovoltaic power station. Improved AHP method and CRITIC method were used to calculate the comprehensive index of ecological environment in different regions. It is found that PV power plant construction has the effect of cooling and humidifying air, and can also prevent wind and sand in local small environment; PV power plant can maintain the constant temperature state of soil. Soil temperature has distinct seasonal variation characteristics from 0–40 cm below the ground surface, and in spring and summer, soil temperature decreases with depth. Increase soil moisture, the soil moisture at 0–40 cm in the station is obviously higher than that in the transition zone and outside the station, the soil moisture is the highest in summer and autumn, then in spring and winter; improve the soil water storage capacity and soil carbon fixation capacity, so that the soil environment is more conducive to plant growth; the ecosystem level in the photovoltaic station is higher than that of other environments in the region, which has a significant improvement effect on the local environmental conditions.