This article proposes a theoretical framework for examining the vulnerabilities and resilience capabilities of prehistoric social groups to climate-related natural hazards and disasters using the material remains of the past. It is argued that different forms of spatial mobility related to social configurations should be considered to gain a deeper understanding of the diversity of responses. Mobility and immobility are taken as two poles of a continuum, between which subjects oscillate in the course of their lives. Accordingly, past societies were neither exclusively sedentary or mobile. Rather, different forms of spatial mobility constituted their respective socio-spatial and economic configuration. Related social practices provided resilience but also created situation-specific vulnerabilities. I suggest, therefore, that research on responses to climate-related natural hazards and disasters in the past should take the following aspects into account: the spatiality and temporality of the respective natural hazards and disasters, the threatened or impacted subjects, and their different mobility-related socio-spatial configurations. Furthermore, I suggest that the subjects’ resilience capabilities and vulnerabilities are related through memory and learning based on already experienced hazards and disasters and thus are socially constructed.