Global water resources are rapidly diminishing, driven by population growth, climate changeClimate change, and expanding industrialization. Experts estimate that by 2050, 52% of the projected 9.7 billion people worldwide will reside in areas experiencing water stress or scarcity. The global challenge of accessing clean, potable water will persist as sustainable solutions remain elusive. Water sustainabilitySustainability involves meeting the current generation’s water needs without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet their own. Water is the cornerstone of sustainable developmentSustainable development, serving as a common thread linking global challenges such as energy, food securityFood security, health, peace, security, and poverty eradication. Our survival and well-being depend heavily on effective water resource systems. However, with growing development pressures on land in watersheds and increasing demands for water in streams, rivers, lakes, and aquifers, it is unrealistic to expect these water systems to return to or maintain their pristine, most productive states. Sustainable water managementWater management (SWM) is crucial for addressing these pressures and achieving sustainable development goalsSustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SWM ensures that current water needs are met for all users without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept aligns with broader sustainability principlesSustainability principles, addressing both present and future water challenges. Enhancing the efficiency of conventional membrane technologies for water treatment is now crucial to minimizing their environmental impactEnvironmental impact. WastewaterWastewater treatment treatmentWastewater treatment removes pollutants, coarse particles, and toxic substances while killing pathogens and producing bio-methaneMethane (CH₄) and manure for agricultureAgriculture. It is crucial in reducing water waste, easing pressure on natural water sources, and supporting clean energy, forming the foundation for sustainable waste managementWaste management. Membrane technologies are increasingly favored forSustainable wastewater treatment wastewater treatmentWastewater treatment due to their sustainabilitySustainability advantages, including cost-effectiveness, operational ease, and safety. Sustainable water treatment technologies utilize innovative methods such as membrane filtrationMembrane filtration, advanced oxidation processesAdvanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), and nanotechnologyNanotechnology. Techniques like reverse osmosisReverse osmosis and ultrafiltration are highly effective in removing contaminantsContaminants, microorganisms, and nanoparticles from water. Sustainable water technologies include wastewater treatmentWastewater treatment plants, intelligent irrigation systems, fog catchers, rainwater harvestingRainwater harvesting, tap aerators, seawater desalinationDesalination, portable filters, and solar-powered desalinationDesalination units.

Sustainable Water Management and Treatment: Systems, Processes and Technologies

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发表日期：

2025年

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Bharat Mishra,
Archita Tiwari

摘要

Global water resources are rapidly diminishing, driven by population growth, climate changeClimate change, and expanding industrialization. Experts estimate that by 2050, 52% of the projected 9.7 billion people worldwide will reside in areas experiencing water stress or scarcity. The global challenge of accessing clean, potable water will persist as sustainable solutions remain elusive. Water sustainabilitySustainability involves meeting the current generation’s water needs without jeopardizing future generations’ ability to meet their own. Water is the cornerstone of sustainable developmentSustainable development, serving as a common thread linking global challenges such as energy, food securityFood security, health, peace, security, and poverty eradication. Our survival and well-being depend heavily on effective water resource systems. However, with growing development pressures on land in watersheds and increasing demands for water in streams, rivers, lakes, and aquifers, it is unrealistic to expect these water systems to return to or maintain their pristine, most productive states. Sustainable water managementWater management (SWM) is crucial for addressing these pressures and achieving sustainable development goalsSustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SWM ensures that current water needs are met for all users without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept aligns with broader sustainability principlesSustainability principles, addressing both present and future water challenges. Enhancing the efficiency of conventional membrane technologies for water treatment is now crucial to minimizing their environmental impactEnvironmental impact. WastewaterWastewater treatment treatmentWastewater treatment removes pollutants, coarse particles, and toxic substances while killing pathogens and producing bio-methaneMethane (CH₄) and manure for agricultureAgriculture. It is crucial in reducing water waste, easing pressure on natural water sources, and supporting clean energy, forming the foundation for sustainable waste managementWaste management. Membrane technologies are increasingly favored forSustainable wastewater treatment wastewater treatmentWastewater treatment due to their sustainabilitySustainability advantages, including cost-effectiveness, operational ease, and safety. Sustainable water treatment technologies utilize innovative methods such as membrane filtrationMembrane filtration, advanced oxidation processesAdvanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), and nanotechnologyNanotechnology. Techniques like reverse osmosisReverse osmosis and ultrafiltration are highly effective in removing contaminantsContaminants, microorganisms, and nanoparticles from water. Sustainable water technologies include wastewater treatmentWastewater treatment plants, intelligent irrigation systems, fog catchers, rainwater harvestingRainwater harvesting, tap aerators, seawater desalinationDesalination, portable filters, and solar-powered desalinationDesalination units.