In recent years, with the rapid development of medical technology and the deepening of medical reform, the demand structure for professional talents in the medical laboratory industry has undergone significant changes. Accurately predicting the enrollment scale and teacher demand for medical laboratory students in the future has become an important issue. To study the regional population, a forecasting software can be used to predict the future population, and then predict the number of students in vocational medical laboratory majors based on the age-appropriate population and relevant enrollment policies. Finally, it can estimate the demand for teachers according to the teacher-student ratio. At the same time, the study uses the cubic spline interpolation algorithm based on known data points to generate a smooth interpolation curve by constructing segmented cubic polynomials. The results show that the cubic spline interpolation algorithm not only has smooth curves, but also has the lowest prediction error, about 5.2%. This method predicts that by 2035, the number of students in the medical laboratory major of vocational colleges will reach 49,300, and the demand for teachers will reach about 1320. This growth trend is also closely related to the rapid development of the medical industry, the continuous updating of medical testing technology, and the adjustment of higher education policies. This study can accurately predict the needs of teachers and students in medical laboratories, and reasonably plan educational resources such as teaching facilities and teachers for higher vocational colleges to ensure the effective use and sustainable development of educational resources.