Land is a critical factor in agricultural production, especially in semi-arid regions where climate change poses significant challenges. This study focuses on modeling Agricultural Land Suitability Potential Zones (ALSPZs) and assessing water bodies in the semi-arid regions of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The area, located in the rain shadow zone of the Western Ghats, is at risk of desertification. To address this, the study employs an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) combined with geospatial techniques. Using satellite data from Landsat-7 and Landsat-8, spanning from 2000 to 2018, various thematic maps were created, including geology, geomorphology, soils, land use/land cover (LULC), land degradation (LD), and drainage density (DD). Additionally, physicochemical parameters such as soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), and soil nutrient content (nitrogen–phosphorous–potassium, N-P-K) were considered. The AHP model assigned normalized weights to these factors, classifying the ALSPZs into four categories: very good, good, moderately good, and not suitable for agriculture. The study found that these zones cover 19.74, 218.54, 77.24, and 69.54 km2, respectively. Furthermore, water bodies in the study area were monitored and estimated at 18.85 km2 using temporal LULC classification and mapping. This integrated approach provides precise and reliable data, enhancing decision-making capabilities for managing green growth resources under changing climatic conditions. The study’s conceptual model for ALSPZs offers valuable insights for sustainable agricultural planning and water resource management in semi-arid regions.