In this chapter—without pretending to be exhaustive or definitive—we try to introduce an historical–scientific overview of the most relevant results in the nanoscience/nanotechnology research, since 1950s. Nanotechnology is evidently one of the most important research fields in the modern science, since it continuously brings new remarkable results in different fields, from engineering to medicine, to biology. In detail, this new science has spread to encompass nanobiotechnology, nanomedicine and nanobiology, nanomanufacturing and nanomaterials, nanoengineering and nanofabrication, nanometrology, nanotribology, and characterization at nanoscale. New sectors have taken hold and opened new paths for increasingly specific and advanced research such as nanophotonics, nanotoxicology, and nanohealth. New names for new disciplines have been created, new instruments are being designed, and new laws are being written to define the legitimate uses of nanoproducts and their ethical impact on the society. In particular, this chapter is devoted to review some developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology into the range of history of physics–mathematics, including the most relevant universities and research centres where nano is the main area of research and development/fabrication. Our analysis and review paid particular attention to the scientific debates between scientists, as well as the growth of nanotechnology and its moments of crisis, which invariably arose along the way.