From a climatic perspective,Chile Chile is a country of extremes. From the driest desert on Earth to Patagonia, communities and ecosystems have adapted to different climates and to enduring periods of persisting drought. With mounting evidence of global change processes, it is still unclear how these regimes will evolve in the future, and what are the challenges that water managers will need to manage droughts. This chapter describes the major climatic regimes in the country, highlighting the variability and uncertainties pertaining to the occurrence of droughts. Climate change projections will be discussed and its impact on droughts.