Microplastics are found in all terrestrial and aquatic habitats. They accumulate in marine environments and can interact with organisms, leading to deleterious effects. Microplastics from conventional polymers such as polystyrene (PS) or polyethylene (PE) are known to be ingested by marine biota and have been found in the stomachs and intestines of many species. However, there is a lack of information about the uptake of microplastics from biodegradable and bio-based polymers, which differ greatly in their chemical composition from conventional polymers. In recent years, the development and production of bio-based polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS) or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) has been promoted. Increasing usage of these novel materials unavoidably leads to a progressive release of them into the environment. This study aims to investigate the uptake of bio-based and biodegradable microplastics by marine invertebrates. Marine invertebrates of different trophic levels were exposed to fluorescent-stained microplastics from conventional and bio-based biodegradable plastics. Microscopic investigations showed that almost all tested organisms readily ingested the materials irrespective of the chemical composition. This study provides basic information for future research on the mechanical and physiological impacts of ingested biodegradable and bio-based microplastics in marine biota.