The fields of agriculture, biology, electronics, and medicine have all profited from the widespread applications of nanotechnology in the recent couple of years. They have distinct qualities for biotechnological applications because of their enormous surface or volume ratio, distinctive shapes, and resemblance in dimensions to biomolecules due to their nanoscale diameters. The limitations of the physical and chemical approaches to nanoparticle emergence can be addressed by employing biological approaches. Furthermore, the use of microorganisms in the biogenic synthesis route has provided a dependable, environmentally acceptable, safe, and sustainable method for nano-synthesis. It is well known that the cells of bacteria, algae, fungi, and actinomycetes may absorb metals from their surroundings and transform them into essential forms of nanoparticles that can be released or accumulated. Microbial nanotechnology offers new methods for regulating and quickly diagnosing diseases, as well as improving plant nutrient uptake, that could revolutionize the agricultural and food industries. The implementation of microbial nanotechnology in agriculture holds great promise for niche uses involving the development of nano-biopesticides and nano-biofertilizers, which can boost productivity without contaminating soils or waters. Additionally, these applications can provide protection against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Agricultural crops can be kept healthy by using nano-biotechnology as sensors for monitoring soil quality in their growing environments.