Global climate change and GHG emissions are essential topics for understanding physical processes ongoing in the atmospheric boundary layer within a control volume extending from the top ground to the troposphere. This chapter aimed, therefore, to deliver a qualitative and quantitative approach to climate change processes and carbon balance components. This approach is facilitated by grounding on fundamentals of atmosphere and microclimate dynamics, such as the previously discussed radiation windowing, spectral turbulence, or heat transfer processes. The first question addressed was the quantification over the last decades of the main components of the global carbon budgets, including fossil fuel emissions, land use change, carbon uptake by land and oceans or CO2 atmospheric concentration. IPCC's climate change predictive scenarios are described, mainly focusing on the interactions between atmospheric carbon, carbon sequestration, environmental temperature, and precipitation. Also discussed is the occurrence of extreme eventsExtreme events, such as heatwavesHeatwave or precipitation episodes. This discussion reports modelling results in literature characterizing essential parameters of extreme events such as duration, peaking and returning periods in the context of natural and/or anthropogenicAnthropogenic contribution driving. Finally, some elaboration is given to biochar as a promising technology for carbon sequestration and mitigation of carbon emissions.