Heat and mass transfer principles, coupled with energy and mass budget modulation, were covered in this chapter. Transfer processes regulate a spectrum of phenomena, such as variations of carbon and water exchanges or sediment transport. The main topics related to heat conduction were Fourier’s law and the thermal changes in the upper layers of soils, considering their influence on stationaryStationary conduction and transient processesTransient processes. Natural and forced convection processes were assessed through empirical parameters, ratios, and equations reflecting the interactions between fluid mechanics in air and water and the transfer of heat, particles, and molecules. Empirical tools for convection analysis considered the prevalence of viscous and inertial forces, also allowing estimation of the ratio between thermal and momentum boundary layer depths in objects. The fundamentals of radiation emissivity, transmissivity, absorption, net radiation, and radiative spatial relationships were also considered. The theoretical foundations and environmental relevance of mass transfer of gases and particles and the importance of Brownian, viscous, or Newtonian drag were also developed. The associated processes of creeping, jumping, impaction or wet transfer, dependent on the balance of forces such as friction, inertia, or gravity through the wind field and transport of sediments in watercourses, were highlighted.