The cyber world of information technologies, digitization, digital transformation, Industry 4.0, and NDE 4.0 presents similar complexities to the physical world, including threats such as: loss of information, human error, ethical lapses, malicious intent, and political interests. This chapter explores the critical area of cybersecurity. It examines the fundamental concepts, challenges, and threats that organizations face, providing a comprehensive overview of the cybersecurity landscape. Key areas of focus include identifying vulnerabilities, implementing robust security measures, and developing effective strategies to mitigate risk and protect critical assets. The chapter concludes with an insight into the current legal situation regarding data ownership, an examination of the current-day challenges of data access, and how the EU Data Act will change the situation.