The ongoing Industry 4.0 revolution and the digital transformation of the Oil & Gas industry will coincide with challenging and uncertain times for the Oil & Gas industry. Uncertain market conditions generally cause high demand for innovative technologies to optimize productivity, reduce cost, and increase safety. As an integral part of industry 4.0, the evolution of NDE 4.0 expands on traditional NDE technologies and existing NDE infrastructure with new technologies as for example cloud computing, artificial intelligence, anomaly detection, and the concept of digital twin. As the second revision of this chapter is being published, the development of NDE 4.0 is in full swing. New technologies have been evaluated in many proof-of-concept projects with a wide degree of success. Commercialization of NDE 4.0 technologies has gained traction especially in machine learning and artificial intelligence. However, in many cases, solutions still need to mature prior to wide customer adoption. A high level of flexibility from customers and vendors in the Oil & Gas industry will be required on the journey towards NDE 4.0 as new technologies continue to emerge and develop. This chapter summarizes the status of the NDE 4.0 in oil, gas, and petrochemical facilities and describes some of the upcoming challenges.