The main use of cadmium is for nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries, pigments, glass, glazes, ceramics, rubber, enamels, paints for artists, pyrotechnics, coatings and plating (iron, steel, aluminum, and nonferrous metals), stabilizers for plastics, nonferrous metal alloys (copper, zinc, lead, tin, silver, and other precious metals), semiconductors and photovoltaic devices, automotive systems, military equipment, and marine/shore installations. Ni-Cd batteries are widely used in the railway and aircraft industries, cordless power tools, mobile phones, portable computers, portable home appliances, and toys. Cadmium is also present as an impurity in fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas), cement, and phosphate fertilizers. The food groups that contributed most to Cd intake were cereals and bread (34%), leafy vegetables (20%), potatoes (11%), legumes and nuts (7%), and stem/root vegetables (6%). The foods that contributed most to total Cd intake were lettuce (14%), spaghetti (8%), bread (7%), and potatoes (6%). Lettuce was the major Cd source for Caucasians and Blacks, whereas tortillas were the top source for Hispanics, and rice was the top contributor among other ethnic subgroups including Asians. Cadmium and cadmium compounds cause lung cancer and positive associations with kidney, pancreatic, and prostate cancers have been observed. Cadmium is not metabolized in the body and its urinary biomarker of exposure is also cadmium.