Psycho-oncology or oncological psychology, defined as a specific field of health psychology, has had exponential development in Latin American countries in recent decades; however, it has not been similar at all. Describing its development through different research in four of its work areas is the objective of this chapter. The research designed around cancer education allows us to express that progress has been made. However, it is considered that better results can be obtained in understanding the psychological mechanisms of behaviors associated with risks for contracting the disease and in ways of adjusting to the suffering. In the patient–family binomial, contributions for better adjustment to the disease and its treatments have been demonstrated through different research. However, the challenges presented are broad, including the design and implementation of psychosocial interventions based on scientific evidence, the development of action protocols to consolidate high standards of psychological and social care, and the development of research from the health perspective and the salutogenic models of psychology, among others. The recognition of the determinants of occupational health in oncology and the implementation of intervention projects for the development of healthy institutions with the integration of personal and contextual factors continues to be a challenge; therefore, the need to develop and implement intervention strategies in the workplace is not a utopia, it is a reality.