The aim of this chapter is to synthesize and highlight the main evidence in the area of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, tuberculosis, acute respiratory infections, and COVID-19 reported in research conducted in Latin America mainly in the last 10 years. Firstly, it outlines the current epidemiological context, the biological and environmental risk factors, and the clinical characteristics of the most prevalent respiratory diseases and morbidity and mortality in Latin America. Secondly, it emphasizes the psychological risk and protection factors most implicated in respiratory diseases in Latin America. Thirdly, population interventions are incorporated both preventive and clinical for the psychological approach to respiratory diseases in the region. It concludes by saying that there is significant work pending on the psychological factors involved with respiratory diseases and, despite the efforts made in terms of intervention for smoking cessation, one of the main risk factors, it is a priority that different health disciplines integrate their competencies and that psychologists get more involved in this field to address this public health problem in Latin America.