The bioeconomy and its branches, biotechnology and biorefinery, are key factors in paving the way to a more sustainable, bio-based industry. The Bioprocess Development Group of the Fraunhofer IGB is involved in exactly these areas where a replacement of petroleum-based processes and products is to be achieved. This chapter presents the processes developed in the group, the latest findings and the most recent results. The resources used are oils, fats and sugars from refined or even waste streams. A direct modification of vegetable oils is provided by microbial conversion to long-chain dicarboxylic acids or the enzyme-assisted approach to obtain epoxidised vegetable oils and fatty acids. Although resulting in different functionalisation, both target compounds could be applied as an adhesive component or lubricant. Microbially produced biosurfactants are another way of exploiting vegetable oils and even waste fats by digesting and linking them to hydrophilic substrates. They can be used as drop-in compounds to replace synthetic surfactants. As biosurfactants, polyhydroxyalkanoates are microbial products utilising hydrophilic/hydrophobic substrates where the biopolymer is produced and accumulated intracellularly. The composition of the biopolymer is determined by the structure and therefore by the microorganism and the substrate itself. Microbial monomer production—as in the case of malic acid for polymalate production—offers the possibility of adjusting the chemical composition within the following polymerisation step. For polysaccharides or polymers that can be obtained directly from natural sources, such as chitin, the composition is only dependent on environmental influences. However, chitin, which can be obtained mainly from waste streams, still needs to be converted into chitosan in a subsequent step to be used in applications such as wastewater treatment, medicine or the food industry. In addition to the latest research progress in the given topics, the challenges and optimisation potential that still exist to successfully complete process development are also presented.