The chapter reviews the livestock and coconut industries in Sri Lanka and the South Asia region in terms of historical evolution, contemporary status, problems, and future potentials. Among the issues addressed are the close inter-relationship between livestock farming and coconut cultivation from the earliest times and the progressive evolution of the traditional integrated farming practices to the contemporary situation. The paper identifies contributions to GDP, employment, and food security in the modern economy by both these sectors. These include the major challenges faced by these industries, such as climate changeClimate change impacts, pest and disease threats, and market volatility. It articulates at great length the survey on technological innovations and best practices in coconut cultivation and livestock farming practices in association with government policies and support mechanisms of the institutions. The trends have been identified in both sectors, which are new value-added coconut products and precision livestock farming technologies. It highlights the potential of integrated coconut-livestock systems as a model for sustainable agriculture, in particular for alleviating resource constraints and adapting to climate changeClimate change. This chapter has explored two interlinked agricultural sectors that, while continuing to consider pathways for their sustainable development in the face of continuing challenges, will remain crucial to both rural economies and food security in South Asia.