The Australian government foresees an opportunity to scale the hydrogen economy, centred on exporting hydrogen and associated vectors to the Asia–Pacific region. Building on its legacy as an exporter of fossil-fuel commodities, the government has favoured a technology-neutral approach with support for renewable and fossil-based hydrogen production and a strong focus on exports. Within Australia’s broader efforts to decarbonize its economy, considerations revolve around which role hydrogen may play in the domestic energy transition, the potential size of its future hydrogen export market, and what opportunities exist for value creation along the entire hydrogen supply chain. In this chapter, we provide an overview of hydrogen development in Australia. We begin with a brief overview of Australia’s climate and energy policy and its position in regional and global energy markets. We then discuss the state of hydrogen supply and demand in the domestic economy, before outlining the main policy initiatives and stakeholders. We then consider the external dimensions of Australia’s national hydrogen policy, which is closely linked to the opportunity for exports of hydrogen and associated vectors with low-carbon intensity.