The chapter presents the overview of the present achievements and applications of artificial intelligenceArtificial Intelligence (AI) in medicineMedicine, including the possible benefits for future medicineMedicine. It also presents the increase in published scientific studies using artificial intelligenceArtificial Intelligence (AI) in medicineMedicine in last decade. The regulation frameworks for medical devices, including AIArtificial Intelligence (AI) medical devices, in the USA and in the European Union is discussed. Moreover, the problem of access to reliable data is given with the explanation of transfer learning, generative adversarial networks, and continual machine learningMachine Learning. Some of the hazards, and challenges of the AIArtificial Intelligence (AI) in ophthalmologyOphthalmology are described, including privacy protection, testing AIArtificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms on data sets that did not correspond real-world conditions, and its vulnerability to cybersecurity attacks. Finally, some aspects of cost-effectiveness of AIArtificial Intelligence (AI)-based devices are presented.