This concluding chapter presents four main conclusions based on the 12 cases and the reflections on land policy in European countries (AT, BE, CH, CZ, DE, ENG, FI, FR, NL, NO, PL, SE): Although land policy closely relates to spatial planning, it differs in two dimensions: (1) in its allocative and distributive perspective and (2) at strategic and operational levels of public policy. Based on this distinction four elements of land policy emerge: land use policy, land use planning, land tenure policy, and land management. Land policies comprise intentional decisions or activities led by public actors, sometimes with private sector cooperation. Land policy strategies stem from different interpretations of landowners’ roles, which are often more decisive than specific instruments. Public actors conceptualise the relationship between property rights and land policy: To one end, landowners are key stakeholders; at the other end, they are partners in spatial projects. The chapter concludes that the international comparative analysis can deepen the understanding of land-use planning, property rights, and spatial development.