The theoretical–philosophical work of Jurgen Habermas occupies a significant position in Western social and political discourse. Habermas represents the most important attempt at reconstructing critical theory out of the shadows of Marx. Coupled with this, Habermas uses Kant and Hegel to revitalize Marxism by developing an emancipatory theory of society. Habermas elaborates a far-reaching critique of methods of domination in modern society. Despite this critique, Habermas is more affirmative and keen toward the classical philosophical tradition, particularly the “enlightenment.” For the past two decades in particular, Habermas has written on the enlightenment project in a reflexive manner, facing up to enlightenment thought and legacy via a systematic critical analysis of the present: its historiography, pathologies, and future prospects. At the same time, there has been a huge escalation of neo-Nietzschean philosophers under the labels of “postmodernist” and “post-structuralist” who have castigated the enlightenment to the dustbin of the history of ideas, claiming that its metanarratives of “progress” and “freedom” have failed and that Western rationality is exhausted.