In the new realities of economic restructuring and global tasks to ensure high living standards of the population, designing a system of education and science, identification of talents, and support and development of talents become a decisive factor in achieving Russia’s national goals. The research aims to design the theoretical framework for the formation of regional strategies for the functioning and development of an education and science, talent identification, and support and development system. The research was conducted using economic, mathematical, and statistical methods. The toolkit was tested on the data of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Treasury of Russia, and the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation for 2023. As a result of the approbation of the methodology, the authors classified the regions into nine types of talent management strategies based on the system of target markers of government funding and target markers of the results of developing the education and science, talent identification, and support and development system. The developed tools for analyzing talent management strategies in the regions will make it possible to formulate effective government decisions and ways to create a favorable environment for the formation and development of “talented human capital” in the implementation of national goals.