The research aims to comprehensively analyze the legislation governing genetic engineering activities, identifying trends in its development and areas for improvement. Based on this analysis, the authors put forward specific proposals to construct and harmonize the regulatory framework in this domain, with a focus on safeguarding public health, advancing medical science, ensuring environmental safety, and preserving the ecosystem. The authors assess the advantages of implemented innovations and the possible negative consequences of their application within the legal framework. During the research, the authors used a combination of general scientific and specialized scientific methods, including dialectical, analytical, systemic, interdisciplinary approaches, and interpretation of legal norms. The authors found that current legislation related to genetic engineering and its safety forms a complex and branching regulatory structure, lacking comprehensive coverage and full harmony among its provisions. This legislation should be rooted in international norms and principles while considering national interests and the strategic goals of the Russian state. The primary focus of this legislation is identified as ensuring food security. There is a recognized need to enhance the alignment of these regulations with environmental, including biological, safety measures, and healthcare legislation. A doctrinal approach is suggested, prioritizing the core laws governing the relevant sphere to ensure effective interaction. Strategies for ensuring consistency in legal regulation within this field are outlined. By employing a systemic interdisciplinary approach, the authors made original proposals for constructing and modernizing the regulatory framework governing genetic research. These proposals prioritize the creation of additional safeguards for public health and the environment.