Intensive land use change is amongst the major threats of the Indian Himalayan region (IHR). Land use intensifications in the unstable slopes of the fragile environment of IHR affect the ecosystem health and services impacting the global climate. The ecological balance is impacted by the altered demography, natural disasters (flood/drought/earthquake), landslides, soil degradation (erosion/nutrient depletion), forest (primary/secondary) fragmentation, deforestation for agriculture/built environment/monoculture plantations, biodiversity loss, mass tourism etc. The ecosystem productivity is reduced, and the economic progress is affected by the insufficient resource efficiency. Subsistence agriculture is altered, shifting cultivation is intensified and rice terraces are abandoned affecting food security. The IHR is more susceptible to seismic disasters with the intense constructions by old technologies and unskilled practitioners. Therefore, the chapter addresses the ecological aspects of disparate land use intensifications for conservation of resources, sustainable ecosystem services with socio-economic progress of IHR.