Gestational choriocarcinoma is the most common type of gestational trophoblastic neoplasm, with proliferating cells histologically resembling the trophoblast of a developing placenta at the primary villous stage. This malignancy, which has been recognized for a long time, was historically referred to by various names, including “sarcoma uteri deciduocellulare,” a malignant tumor derived from the decidua of pregnancy, as well as “deciduoma malignum,” “choio-deciduo-cellular sarcoma,” “sarcoma of the chorionic villi,” and “chorioepithelioma.” The term “choriocarcinoma” was eventually introduced by Ewing in 1910 and gained acceptance in the medical field afterward. Gestational choriocarcinoma can develop from any types of gestations, with complete mole being the most common precursor lesion. The tumor is known for its remarkable propensity for destructive growth and hematogenous spread, making it one of the most lethal human cancers if left untreated. The introduction of methotrexate chemotherapy in the late 1950s marked the beginning of a dramatic decrease in mortality rates for patients with gestational choriocarcinoma. Once considered invariably fatal, the tumor can now be successfully treated, with survival rates approaching 100%.