Citizenship from Below: The Impact of Kurdish Women’s Small-Scale Activism
摘要
This chapter explores how small-scale women’s projects create alternative spaces for exercising and performing citizenship. The many women who are involved in such projects give reason to believe that they are an effective strategy to change women’s positions within Kurdish society. Based on interviews with women from all over Kurdistan and the diaspora, the chapter connects women’s activities from different regions. Although the projects are organized in and focused on a small local area, the connections between women involved in them also forge a more transnational Kurdish space in which women can be seen as forerunners to change women’s lives and their positions within society. By juxtaposing Kurdish social movement activism with the small-scale projects this chapter writes about, it becomes clear how women’s activism can take various forms under authoritarian regimes. The chapter also uses theories about affective citizenship to better understand how women mobilize positive emotional connections, as well as moral outrage about oppression, to build a strong community of solidarity. And finally, it understands the women’s projects as activist placemaking, a term taken from queer theory. Women’s experiences with living on the margins have made them creative in using marginal spaces to their own advantage, building citizenship from below.