This chapter will provide the reader with an overview and critique of the different theories of victimology within the literature and how these would apply within the context of sexual abuse. The authors propose that no single theory is, in itself, a reliable explanation of sexual victimization, but that a wide range of factors may contribute to the likelihood of someone being sexually abused. Whilst some victims may not experience ongoing trauma symptoms, the diverse range of impacts that can be experienced as a result of victimization will be presented, including psychological, physical, interpersonal, social and economic consequences, and it is highlighted that these impacts can prevail across the individual’s lifespan. In concluding, the various treatment options for working with trauma and the considerations that are needed within this work will be explored and the evidence base for these examined.