Sustainability challenges are global and complex. Countries need to understand this complexity and plan diverse and consistent actions that consider all layers of society, natural resources and a precise, long-term strategic state posture. This chapter characterizes Brazil's reality and challenges for sustainability. Despite economic and political difficulties, the country is committed to sustainable development and demonstrates progress. In Brazil, legislation, development programs and government plans focus on the conservation and good use of natural resources and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goals—SDGs of the 2030 Agenda. Some lessons can be drawn from the Brazilian experience regarding guidance and implementation of efforts in other countries.