Groundwater serves as a vital resource for domestic, industrial, and agricultural needs in Yangon, former capital of Myanmar (Burma). Most townships in Yangon region heavily rely on groundwater due to limited public water supply as well as challenges in surface water availability and quality. However, rapid urbanization, population growth, and industrial expansion have exerted immense pressure on the aquifers, leading to concerns over groundwater depletion and contamination. The study highlights the current situation of groundwater quality in both urban and rural areas of Yangon region, and addresses significant groundwater quality concerns, including saltwater intrusion in southern Ayeyarwady/Irrawaddy Delta region. This issue is crucial because it specifically affects rural water supply and exacerbates water security challenges for local communities. The case study will provide insights into challenges and potential solutions for managing groundwater resources in Yangon region, ensuring long-term water security and environmental sustainability.