Modern technologies are being investigated for effective microbial control and disinfection in water and wastewater treatment processes due to the growing demand for clean and safe water resources worldwide. This chapter provides an elaborate review of recent progress, challenges, and prospective applications in the burgeoning area of nano-enabled microbial control solutions. Nanomaterial-based water treatment processes possess unique advantages, including enhanced disinfection efficacy, reduced environmental footprint, and overall resistance to degradation. This chapter examines a range of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and nanocarriers, and their uses in antimicrobial agents, disinfection processes, and environmentally friendly water treatment techniques. It also highlights the potential hazards resulting from exposure to nanomaterials and underlines the necessity for appropriate testing of their toxicity and environmental impact. The application of nanotechnology in wastewater and water treatment opens up new possibilities for microbial control and therefore involves looking for innovative methods aimed at solving current rapid developments regarding urgent problems related to managing water quality.