Although surgeons have a high sense of professional fulfillment, burnout and emotional exhaustion manifest early in surgical training and often persist. In surgical training, the hours are long, the amount of clinical knowledge to master is extensive, and a mistake can result in patient morbidity or mortality. While these challenges inherent in surgical training make it an opportune time to promote positive character formation, instead, little to no intentional time is devoted to it, and aspects of character degrade throughout training along with well-being. Good character is essential to providing excellent patient care. And yet, one does not have the character traits of a good surgeon just because one needs them or has completed residency or even because one has them to some innate degree before entering medical school. One has the character traits of a good surgeon because they have been modeled, cultivated, and refined over time. This chapter describes the role of good character in facilitating good surgical practice and promoting surgeon flourishing. We outline an Aristotelian model of virtue; highlight the importance of several virtues for medical practice—including courage, compassion, trustworthiness, wisdom, and humility; and suggest how character education can be integrated into residency training.