Legumes, a diverse family of plants encompassing important crops like beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas, play a crucial role in global agriculture due to their nutritional value, environmental benefits, and ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. Enhancing legume crops for yield, resilience, and nutritional quality is imperative to meet the growing demand for plant-based protein sources. In the context of improving legumes, this chapter explores the developments and applications of marker-assisted breeding (MAB). The significance of legumes in sustainable agriculture and the challenges faced by breeders in developing improved varieties are well known. Traditional breeding methods, although effective, are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Marker-assisted breeding emerges as a powerful tool that accelerates the breeding process by integrating molecular markers associated with desirable traits, enabling breeders to make informed selection decisions at early stages of plant development. The chapter further discusses the fundamental principles of marker-assisted breeding, elucidating the types of molecular markers used, such as Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Insertion/Deletion (InDel) markers. Case studies have been illustrated involving the exploitation of MAB to enhance disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and nutritional content. However, the full realization of MAB’s potential hinges on accessible genomic information, marker validation, and interdisciplinary collaboration among geneticists, molecular biologists, and breeders. Marker-assisted breeding stands as a promising avenue for revolutionizing legume improvement, enabling breeders to develop high-yielding, resilient, and nutritious varieties tailored to meet the demands of a changing world.